Social Subjects
KEY FEATURES
This outcome will be attained through the study of places with emphasis on:
- aspects of the physical and built environment
- ways in which places have affected people and people have used and affected
places
- transport and communications links and networks
- making and using maps
By the end of S2 a pupil's curriculum should have provided opportunities for
the study of:
- physical and natural elements of the landscape
- its built structures and physical and perceived boundaries
- changes in landscape and townscape over time, caused by natural processes
and human activity, including the use of resources, landforming, land use,
building
- the effects of weather and landscape on human activities
- the interaction of development and conservation and planning
- physical and organisational networks, including trade links, journeys and
migrations and their effect on people and places
- the making and use of maps, plans and globes
Pupils will observe and investigate places in the local area and community
and other places which they may experience, for example through visits or
visitors or media.
Features for focus should be:
Aspects Of The Physical And Built Environment
- different kinds of weather and simple weather recording...

- major physical and natural features in the locality...

Ways in which Places have affected People and People have used and affected
Places
- our responses to weather variations, from day to day and season to
season...

- the uses of buildings and land in the local area...

- places used in the provision of services...

- some ways of maintaining a clean environment...

- daily lives of some children elsewhere compared with their own...

Locations, Linkages And Networks
- kinds of traffic in the area and the need for safety procedures...

- boundaries and their importance for safety...

- things we use and eat which come from distant places...

Making And Using Maps
- developing the mental map of familiar places...

- making models of known places and story settings...

- using plans to find places...

- using the globe as a representation of the world...

Locally based studies should continue. In addition, more distant places of
comparable scale (case studies) should be examined.
Case studies should include:
- at least TWO comparative studies within Britain, of which at least ONE
should be in Scotland
- at least ONE comparative study in Europe
- at least one of the above examining a particular element of People and
Place, e.g. houses, holidays across a wide range of locations
Within these studies, features for focus will be:
Aspects Of The Physical And Built Environment
- ways of measuring and recording weather...

- natural and physical features of their own locality and how they are
used...

- some major natural and physical features of Scotland...

- built/constructed features in their region...

- ways in which a Scottish natural resource is collected and used...

- reasons why settlements differ in character, size, number of people and
function...
Ways In Which Places Have Affected People And People Have Used And Affected
Places
- ways in which weather in different places affects people and nature and
ways in which people have learned to adapt to it...

- reasons why people dig into and build up the land, altering its shape...

- ways in which people can affect and change places through their work and
leisure...
- ways in which places affect peoples lifestyles...

- reasons why some places are thought to be attractive and valuable and how
attraction and value can be enhanced...

- the background to a particular local or national development which involves
change of land use...

Locations, Linkages and Networks
- ways in which people and goods are moved about their locality...

- principal communication links in Scotland and why they are important...
- reasons why land links rarely follow straight lines...

- functions of boundaries in defining territories...

- ways in which events in other countries may affect transport and
communication...
Making And Using Maps
- extending the mental map to a wider area...

- using left and right and reference to landmarks in giving directions...
- using grid reference, index, scale, key and relative location to interpret
information on maps and the globe...

- completing/making 2D and 3D maps including simple sketch maps in
contexts...
The local environment will continue to serve as a standard for comparison
and for study in its own right but the emphasis should now shift to wider
dimensions.
Programmes should include at least ONE study for each of Scotland, Britain,
Europe, a less well developed area outside Europe, a more developed area outside
Europe.
The focus in these studies should be on:
Aspects Of The Physical And Built Environment
- maintenance and uses of systematic weather records over time and the
evaluation of forecasting...

- some of the causes of climate patterns in Britain and the wide world and
the interaction of ways of life with climates...

- actions of running water, wind, waves, ice, earthquakes and volcanoes in
landforming, and how such forms may be used...

- some theories of land formation and the timescales involved...

- the growth of settlements in particular locations and the idea of 'best
location'...
Ways in which Places have affected People and People have used and affected
Places
- how extremes of weather, climate and physical events can disastrously
affect places and people...

- origins, location and usage of some major natural resources renewable and
non renewable...
- economic and population development associated with particular areas or
countries...
- landscape features as boundaries and barriers...

- the background to large scale (continental or global) environmental or
development issues...

- how today's landscapes are the product of the interaction people and places
over lengthy periods of time...

Locations, Linkages And Networks
- ways in which the earth's people and places are interdependent...

- route centres and interchanges in transport networks...

- global transport and communications networks...

Making And Using Maps
- extending the mental map to areas met within studies and the media...

- making maps to give directions...

- applying conventional map reading skills, e.g. 6 figure NGS scales,
compass, contours, latitude/longitude keys in contexts...

- using thematic and specialist maps, e.g. AA, RAC, historical geological...
- making own sketch maps in context...

KEY FEATURES
This outcome will be attained through developing knowledge of, and interest
in, people in the past, by studying
- an understanding of change and continuity over time and of cause and effect
in historical contexts
- developing people, events and societies of significance in the past in a
variety of local, national, European and world contexts
- developing an understanding of time and historical sequence
- developing an understanding of the nature of historical evidence by using a
range of types of evidence to develop and extend knowledge about the past
- considering the meaning of heritage and the influence of the past upon the
present
In studying People in the Past, attention should be given to:
- placing the historical study appropriately within a chronological context;
adopting methods of historical enquiry appropriate to the pupil and the context;
using a variety of relevant sources of evidence
- developing a knowledge of how people lived and understanding their social,
economic, political and cultural developments where possible illustrating the
links between individual actions and major developments
- providing opportunities for pupils to interpret, identify with and respond
to situations and events in a variety of ways
Pupils should experience a broad range of historical study.
Therefore, by the end of S2 the curriculum should have included studies of
the past selected from five main historical eras:
- The Ancient World (pre 5th Century AD)
- The Middle Ages (400 1450)
- Renaissance, Reformation and the Age of Discovery (1450 1700)
- The Age of Revolutions (1700 1900)
- The Twentieth Century
- some studies which trace particular development across time
In these first years, the emphasis should be on developing in pupils a sense
of the past, mainly through using their own experience and their immediate
environment and its past, and through stories about the past.
Studies should involve:
Studying People, Events and Societies of Significance in the Past
- the pupils' own past and the past of their families and communities,
emphasising memories and the significant events...

- stories which develop an awareness of the past...

Developing an Understanding of Change and Continuity, Cause and Effect
- changes affecting their own and other people's lives and the life of their
community...
- simple cause and effect sequences in their own lives...

Developing an Understanding of Time and Historical Sequence
- annual patterns and the sequence of events in their own and others'
lives...

- ways of describing and measuring time...

- simple sequencing of historical items, e.g. objects, pictures...

Developing An Understanding Of The Nature Of Historical Evidence
- selected sources of historical evidence, particularly artefacts and visual
sources...
Considering The Meaning Of Heritage
- memories and memorabilia and their importance to families and
communities...
The pupils' own experience and their immediate environment and its past will
continue to be important and should feature in studies where appropriate.
Pupils' understanding of People in the Past should be extended through a
number of studies, which should:
- be drawn from the five periods specified above
- include attention to Scottish contexts and, in addition, at least ONE
British context, ONE European context, ONE nonEuropean context
- trace particular developments across a significant spectrum of time, e.g.
farming, transport, housing
- include reference to important events and the contributions of individual
people
- illustrate how events in the past have had significant effects on present
societies
Selection of content to fulfil the above criteria will involve a degree of
collaborative planning between primary and secondary schools. Topics need not
necessarily be studied in chronological order, but each should be set in a wider
chronological context.
These studies should involve:
Studying People, Events and Societies of Significance in the Past
- distinctive historical features of periods or topics chosen, which will
allow pupils to acquire a sense of the past...

- the diversity of lifestyles and experiences of people in past societies...

Developing an Understanding of Change and Continuity, Cause and Effect
- changes which have taken place over a period of time and comparison of
features of the historical contexts studied with the present...

- causes and effects of historical events, situations and developments
studied...
Developing an Understanding of Time and Historical Sequence
- the relative age of people, places and objects from a variety of historical
contexts...
- appropriate vocabulary of time, e.g. the use of dates and historical terms
such as 'century'...
Developing an Understanding of the Nature of Historical Evidence
- use of a variety of sources of historical evidence...

Considering The Meaning Of Heritage
- ways in which people preserve and remember the past e.g. stories,
buildings, customs, ceremonies, festivals...

The pupils' own experience and their immediate environment and its past will
continue to be important and should feature in studies where appropriate.
Pupils' understanding of People in the Past should be extended through a
number of studies, which should:
- be drawn from the five periods specified above
- include attention to Scottish contexts and, in addition, at least ONE
British context, ONE European context, ONE nonEuropean context
- trace particular developments across a significant spectrum of time, e.g.
farming, transport, housing
- include reference to important events and the contributions of individual
people
- illustrate how events in the past have had significant effects on present
societies
- include study of political, economic, social and cultural aspects of
history
Selection of content to fulfil the above criteria will involve a degree of
collaborative planning between primary and secondary schools. Topics need not
necessarily be studied in chronological order, but each should be set in a wider
chronological context.
These studies should involve:
Studying People, Events and Societies of Significance in the Past
- the values and attitudes which have shaped and characterised various
societies in the past...

- the circumstances which governed the motives and actions of people in
particular situations...

- reasons why societies, people and events are thought to be of historical
significance...
Developing an Understanding of Change and Continuity, Cause and Effect
- more complex changes and why some features change while others show
continuity over time...

- how decisions and events in the past can have significant effects on
present circumstances or values...

- more complex causes or effects of significant historical events
circumstances or developments studied...

Developing An Understanding Of Time And Historical Sequence
- extension of pupils' chronological framework and of the features which
enable the location in historical sequence of those aspects of the past which
they have studied...
Developing an Understanding of the Nature of Historical Evidence
- the value of historical evidence in contexts studied...

Considering The Meaning Of Heritage
- the meaning of heritage and ways of preserving selected features of the
past...

- the background and issues in preserving an aspect of local or national
heritage...
KEY FEATURES
This outcome will be attained through the study of:
- social groupings, social needs and how they are met
- social rules, rights and responsibilities
- conflict and decision making in society; economic organisation and
structures
Therefore, by the end of S2 a pupil's curriculum should have included
studies of:
- individual and social needs and how these are reflected in formal and
informal social groupings
- individual and collective rights and responsibilities in a democratic
society
- national and international codes of law and justice
- ways in which societies involve individuals in the decision making
processes
- ways in which disputes and conflicts are dealt with in a democracy
- ways in which public information, the media and cultural organisations
shape and respond to lifestyles, fashions, attitudes and beliefs
- social, political and economic priorities, economic organisations and
local, regional and international industry and trade
- relationships between countries
CONTEXTS AND CONTENT FOR DEVELOPING UNDERSTANDING
Studies will focus on the pupils' immediate social environment:
- the family
- the school
- the local community
Features for focus should be:
Social Groupings, Social Needs And How They Are Met
- the material and non material needs of all human beings...

- the contribution of individuals in family, friendships, school and
community to meeting their need...

Social Rules, Rights And Responsibilities
- the need for rules to protect themselves and others...

- some of the ways in which rules are enforced in familiar contexts, e.g.
family, school...
- the formulation of simple rules in familiar contexts...

- their responsibility to care for others and respect their feelings...

Conflict And Participation In Decision-making In Society
- the point of view of participants in family or school conflict or
disagreement and the reaching of agreement...

Economic Organisation And Structures
- ways of sharing resources in the home, classroom and community...

- simple buying and selling, e.g. in the classroom shop...

Pupils' immediate social environment will continue to be important, but
studies will now extend to include the local community and communities
elsewhere, including those beyond Britain.
They should now focus on:
Social Groupings, Social Needs and how they are met
- differences in needs among groups of people in Scottish and other
societies, e.g. children, the elderly, the disabled, refugees...

- ways in which individuals, families and communities accept responsibility
for care of others...

Social Rules, Rights and Responsibilities
- formal and informal rules in selected school, local and national
contexts...
- how and why rules are made and the consequences for themselves and others
of disregarding agreed rules...

- reaching group decisions based on discussion and a vote...

- the responsibilities of citizenship in local and wider contexts...

Conflict And Participation In Decision-making In Society
- alternative ways of resolving friendship and family conflicts and the
advantages and disadvantages of each...

- ways in which individuals can participate in decision making in school,
leisure, workplace and local government contexts, through elections and
campaigning activities...

Economic Organisation and Structures
- the use of money, other forms of currency and the role of trade in the
exchange of goods and services...

- sources of personal and family income and choices in expenditure...

- ways in which subsistence economies use resources in the environment to
meet survival and social needs...

- simple examples of supply and demand...

Studies should be extended to allow comparisons between societies and ways
of organising them in different places and times.
They should focus on:
Social Groupings, Social Needs and how they are met
- differences in the ways needs are met in contemporary Scottish and other
societies and the existence of deprivation amongst some groups of people...

- ways in which perception of need is influenced by contact with other
cultures, advertising and the media...

- public and voluntary agencies which contribute to meeting the needs of
categories of individuals in contemporary Scottish society...

Social Rules, Rights and Responsibilities
- laws which affect and protect young people and reasons why they are
important...
- how the law works at local and national levels...

- the rights and responsibilities of individuals in Scotland and contrasting
societies and the consequences of these differences for individuals and
groups...
- how representatives are chosen and their role in decision-making and
law-making...
Conflict and Participation in Decision-making in Society
- selected national and international disputes and ways of resolving them...

- participation through elections and pressure groups at local, national and
international levels...

- the influence of campaigns, media and pressure group activities on public
opinion...
Economic Organisation and Structures
- how individuals earn their living and differences in wealth between
individuals and countries...

- the effect of specialisation on productivity and the efficient use of
scarce resources...
- revenue-raising and expenditure in providing local services...

Shetland Education Authority 16 April, 1995